How CAR T-Cell Therapy Works at the Cellular Level
CAR T-cell therapy functions by reprogramming the immune system to recognize cancer cells more effectively. Normally, cancer cells evade immune detection by appearing similar to healthy cells. CAR T-cell therapy overcomes this limitation through genetic modification.
The engineered CAR combines elements of antibodies and T-cell receptors. The external portion binds to a specific antigen on cancer cells, while the internal portion activates the T cell once binding occurs. This activation triggers a cascade of immune responses that lead to cancer cell destruction.
Once infused, CAR T cells circulate through the bloodstream and tissues, seeking out cancer cells that express the target antigen. Upon contact, the CAR T cells release cytotoxic molecules that kill the cancer cells and recruit additional immune responses.
An important feature of CAR T-cell therapy is immune memory. Some CAR T cells remain in the body long after treatment, providing ongoing protection against relapse. This persistence contributes to long-lasting remissions in some patients.
Understanding the cellular mechanisms behind CAR T-cell therapy has guided improvements in design, safety, and effectiveness, making it one of the most innovative cancer treatments available today.